Anselm of Canterbury Essay Example For Students

Anselm of Canterbury Essay Anselm concludes that one requires two wills to be free by arguing that to be free is to have an ability. In this paper I will argue that Anselm believes that this ability is incompatible with an Aristotelian doctrine of the will and that to have this ability, we must have at least two wills. Only in such a model is one free. Then I will argue that the agent who abandons justice differs from the one-willed creature Anselm considers in chapter 13,because the latter is not acting freely, whereas the former is acting freely. In the 3rd meditation of Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes thinks he has proved the existence of God. Given that God is good, and that he exists, Descartes must now explain why we make mistakes. He argues that we make mistakes because we make judgments about ideas that are not clear and distinct. If we refrained from making judgments in those cases, we would not make any errors. This raises a puzzle: Granted that we can constrain our will when we dont have clear and distinct ideas, can we constrain our will when we do have clear and distinct ideas? Or are we compelled to judge on things of which we have clear and distinct ideas? If the latter is the case, then it appears we dont have a free will which would raise serious issues about responsibility for sin and so forth. According to the Aristotelian doctrine of the will, our will is directed towards a single end, which is happiness. All deliberation that one makes will be in regards to the means to this single end. There can be no mistake in the direction of the will. If a mistake is made, it will be in the deliberation process or in the execution of the desired means to the end. In either case, the mistake will be such that one has no control over it. Otherwise if one did have control over it then one would simply deliberate the potential mistake. But, Anselm thinks, since mistakes are made, and they must be explained in terms of the will since everything is done according to the will, then it would appear that there must be some sort of malfunction in the way in which we were designed by God. But he assumes that God did not make an error in the creation of man because doing so would make God less that perfect. The general worry in the Aristotelian doctrine of the will is that since there is a single end, then we cant make opposite judgments because there is only a single will. We are compelled to act on our will, and that would rule out the possibility of free will, and responsibility that goes along with free will. In chapter 4, Anselm explains this problem in discussing how the Devil sinned. He writes,T.But no one keeps justice except by willing what he ought, and no one deserts justice except by willing what he ought not. T.Therefore, by willing something that he was not supposed to will at that time, he deserted justice and thereby sinned. S.This follows. But I ask: What did he will?T.Whatever he already had in his possession he was supposed to will. S.Yes, he was supposed to will what he had received from God, and he did not sin by willing that. T.Therefore, he willed something which he did not already have and was not supposed to will at that time. T.But the Devil was able to will nothing except what is just or beneficial. The thought is that if we have one end which is happiness, then everything we will is willed in accordance with this end. Therefore, if the Devil deserted justice, he did it by willing in accordance with this single end. That being the case, how could his deserting of justice have possibly been a sin, since it was done in accordance with the will he had been given by God? The only way the Devil could have sinned was by acting contrary to his will, which Anselm thinks is impossible if you only have one will. What is necessary but absent in the Aristotelian model is the liberty of indifference. The liberty of indifference is to be able to make a contradictory judgment or refrain from judgment, even in the face of a powerful inclination. That is to say that even when the idea is presented to the will by the intellect with clarity and distinctness, the will is not compelled to judge and can judge otherwise. In the Aristotelian model, however, mistakes that are made involve irrationality because there is only one will. Therefore, in order for a mistake not to involve irrationality, Anselm thinks we need two wills. Otherwise it would appear as though we make irrational mistakes because we are not rational enough, which would indicate that God erred in his creation of man. The Effects of HIV Mutations on the Immune System EssaySince this creature is operating under the only will it has, the justice or injustice of its actions are irrelevant. In essence, this creature is not acting freely. The Devil is given both the will for happiness and justice. Unlike the one-willed creature, the Devil is free to choose. Anselm writes in chapter 14, Thus possessing a just will-for-happiness he could and should be happy. And by not willing what he ought no to will, although able to will it, he would merit never to be able to will what he ought not to will. And by always keeping justice by means of a tempered will, he would in no way experience need. It happens to be, however, that the Devil realizes that what would make him happy is to be like God insofar as having an autonomous will. That is to say, doing things because he wants to do them. But this would require that he abandon justice, which is to do what God wants him to do because God wants him to do it. Never theless, he believes that although he must abandon justice he will increase his happiness, and so he chooses to do so. The Devils situation having deserted justice is different from the situation of the one-willed creature. In chapter 16, Anselm explains,T.Before that will received this justice, was it under obligation to will and not to will in accordance with justice?S.No, it was not under an obligation with respect to what it had not received and therefore did not have. T.However, you do not doubt that it was under an obligation after it received justice unless it were to lose justice as the result of some overpowering force?S.I think that the will is always bound to this obligation whether it keeps what it has received or whether it willingly deserts it. The thought is that though having deserted justice it would appear that the Devil is no longer subject to justice, he ought to have justice and since he no longer has justice then he is deemed unjust. The one-willed creature was not unjust because it was not the case the justice should be there, whereas the Devil has deserted justice and in so doing created a void. In this case, since one cant be happy without being just, the Devil has made a big mistake and now he is neither just nor happy. Nevertheless, despite the fact the Devil is operating solely under the will for happiness, he still has a free will. He realizes that he is mistaken and he wants to regain justice. But he can never regain justice because that requires that he do the right thing because it is the right thing to do. The Devil wants to do the right thing because he wants to be happy. That is to say that he knows he cant be happy without doing the right thing. Therefore he will never be able to do the right thing because it is the right thing to do. So he will never regain justice and will always be operating under the will-for happiness. But this is not to say that he is not operating with a free will, like the one-willed creature. Bibliography:Anselm of Canterbury, On the fall of the devil

The Connection Between Art free essay sample

A ; Reality Essay, Research Paper What is the connexion between art and world? Art is self-expression of the creative person # 8217 ; s world. Geographical environment, the beginning of societal fortunes, and peculiar period and manner, act upon the creative persons perceptual experience of world. Ever since work forces and adult females saw their contemplations in still pools, the desire to stand for nature and human nature suggested itself to early people. Early people dealt with hunting and being hunted, with life and decease, with being and extinction. Life for them was really crude ; undermine creative persons represented what they really saw in their day-to-day life with images on the cave wall. Their life ( world ) was simple and Hagiographas and drawings expressed it on the wall. Approximately by the terminal of the 1970s, philosophers of art had abandoned their armchairs for a much closer examination of the jobs and patterns of the humanistic disciplines themselves, taking up a wide scope of subjects in picture, picture taking, movie, music, literature and dance. We will write a custom essay sample on The Connection Between Art or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Like modern-day philosophers of scientific discipline, who are expected to cognize a just sum of scientific discipline, aestheticians nowadays need to cognize something about the humanistic disciplines. One consequence is that now, more than of all time in the yesteryear, aesthetics involves the pattern of art unfavorable judgment and enjoys close ties with Fieldss such as art history, literature and movie survey. The 20th century has had many alterations of the old traditional aesthetics. In the 20th century it has been argued that art has taken a way to distance itself from world. The universe is so overpopulated that every individual is fighting for their individualism ( seeking to do sense of where they belong in their sense of world ) that they insist on utmost extremist independency between aesthetics and the remainder of their lives. This has alterations aesthetics in a manner that the creative person is fighting to divert from the norm of society # 8217 ; s world. The ageless battle is to obtain a pureness of vision and belief while still prosecuting oneself with world. Creative plants ought to stand as an ageless symbol of this continuity. Artists try to capture what they perceive as world in their work, they try to portray a message that is meaningful and important to their ain world. The experience of world is something that defies most attempts to to the full grok and capture it. In its most simple signifier, perceptual experience involves the boundaries between consciousness and being. How existence enters consciousness depends wholly on one # 8217 ; s senses, attitudes, and environment. Our heads work without to the full hold oning the full nature of our milieus. Alternatively, we need merely associate to the extent that seems comfy to take part in whatever activity we are presently engaged. We unconsciously filter A ; simplify the complexness of world in order to get down associating T o it. An creative person can merely get down to near the bounds of conveying even a minute of world to a hereafter looker-on. Many creative persons seek to make this every bit accurately as possible, trying to reflect their senses upon the viewer’s through a given piece. All originative activity begins in the mind’s oculus and ear of the creative person, but a work of art that does non pass on significance is stillborn. Symbolic notation is a really cardinal agencies of capturing world into apparently grasped signifiers, but to travel beyond this in technique nowadayss a challenge. To talk with colour is an art unto itself whose challenges and assortment are adequate to overrun any creative person # 8217 ; s life-time of pattern. The acknowledgment of perceptual experience # 8217 ; s function in Art is one that will neer to the full be absorbed. The boundaries between idea and look will be crossed many times, and in many ways, but can neer to the full be removed. The thought that aesthetic issues have small or no bearing on the cardinal concerns of doctrine is comparatively recent, mostly an artefact of the rise of analytic doctrine itself. As is apparent from the plants of Plato, Aristotle, Hume, Kant, Nietzsche and Hegel, inquiries of art and beauty were one time regarded as indispensable concerns of doctrine. Despite alterations in philosophical method refering art, understanding human experience remains a cardinal aspiration of doctrine. It is as portion of this larger humanistic undertaking that aesthetics can be seen as an of import subdivision of doctrine Most philosophers today, including those whose philosophical involvements lie in scientific and proficient countries, acknowledge the importance of value theory. Aestheticss is portion of value theory, and if the theory of value is philosophically of import, aesthetics is philosophical of import, excessively. In aesthetics, philosophers have progressively rejected the formalist separation of aesthetic and moral value to prosecute substantial inquiries refering, for illustration, the moral map of art, auctorial duty, the moral bounds of aesthetic grasp. A cardinal concern of aesthetics today is the relation of aesthetic and moral value. Moral philosophers, in bend, are looking to art. Artists tend to be repelled by aesthetics, for a figure of grounds. Many are leery that excessively much analyzing of their art will harm their creativeness ; it will promote them to develop their rational self-importance at the disbursal of their originative unconscious. Or they suspect that aesthetic analysis will hold no consequence on them, that believing about art in this manner is merely useless. Through the survey of the humanistic disciplines in relation to the life and clip out of which they originate, a richer, broader, deeper humanistic apprehension can be achieved. The yesteryear as reflected in the humanistic disciplines exists as a uninterrupted procedure, and the yesteryear is therefore invariably alive and of all time present.

Sieze and the third estate essays

Sieze and the third estate essays What the Third Estate Contributed to The Declaration of the Right of Man and Citizen Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes was a French revolutionary who changed the course of the revolution with his famous pamphlet What is the Third Estate. As written in Baker, this pamphlet shaped the demands of the Third Estate during the election of the States-General, defined their political strategy, and elaborated principles that were to become fundamental to the subsequent development of revolutionary ideology (Baker, 1987). Sieyes defines the Third Estate, what they have meant to French policies, and what they want to establish for themselves in politics in the future. Sieyes argues that the Third Estate deserves a voice in the policies and laws that rules their lives and not by those of the privileged do not have to live by the same laws. In his definition of the third estate as a nation, Sieyes argues that the third estate embodies everything that a nation needs to survive: first, they control the land, which does not necessarily mean that they own it, but they are the people who work the land and allow for land to prosper. Second, they increase the value of the goods from that land through human industry by becoming consumers of the product that their labor produced. Between production and consumption of goods is the third importance of the third estate to the nation and that is through dealers and merchants. These are the people who sell the goods for the owner and cause the other members of the third estate to buy products at the inflated price. The fourth contribution embodies all other general or menial tasks done by the third estate, which, in turn, supports all of society as a whole. Sieyes concedes that with in the third estate in lies the potential of everything a nation needs to be great. With out the first two estates, the nation would not be weaker, but stronger. The privileged order could not surv...

Definition and Examples of Structural Violence

Definition and Examples of Structural Violence Structural violence refers to any scenario in which a social structure perpetuates inequity, thus causing preventable suffering. When studying structural violence, we examine the ways that social structures (economic, political, medical, and legal systems) can have a disproportionately negative impact on particular groups and communities. The concept of structural violence gives us a way to consider how and in what forms these negative impacts occur, as well as what can be done to curtail such harm. Background The term structural violence was coined by the Johan Gultang, a Norwegian sociologist. In his 1969 article, â€Å"Violence, Peace, and Peace Research,† Gultang argued that structural violence explained the negative power of social institutions and systems of social organization among marginalized communities. It is important to distinguish Gultang’s concept of violence from the term as it is traditionally defined (physical violence of war or crime). Gultang defined structural violence as the root cause of the differences between people’s potential reality and their actual circumstances. For example, potential life expectancy in the general population might be significantly longer than the actual life expectancy for members of disadvantaged groups, due to factors like racism, economic inequality, or sexism. In this example, the discrepancy between the potential and the actual life expectancy results from structural violence. Significance of Structural Violence Structural violence enables more nuanced analyses of the social, cultural, political, economic, and historical forces that shape inequality and suffering. It creates an opportunity to consider seriously the role of different types of marginalization – such as sexism, racism, ableism, ageism, homophobia, and/or poverty – in creating lived experiences that are fundamentally less equal. Structural violence helps explain the multiple and often intersecting forces that create and perpetuate inequality on multiple levels, both for individuals and communities. Structural violence also highlights the historical roots of modern inequality. The inequities and suffering of our time often unfold within a broader history of marginalization, and this framework provides a critical context for understanding the present in terms of its relationship to the past. For instance, marginalization in post-colonial countries often connects closely with their colonial histories, just as inequality in the U.S. must be considered with respect to complex histories of slavery, immigration, and policy. Structural Violence and Health Today, the concept of structural violence is widely used in the fields of public health, medical anthropology, and global health. Structural violence is particularly useful for examining suffering and inequity in the sphere of health. It highlights the complex and overlapping factors that influence health outcomes, such as in the case of health disparities (or inequity) between different racial or ethnic communities in the U.S. or elsewhere. Paul Farmer’s research, writing, and applied work in the field of global health has brought significant attention to the concept of structural violence. An anthropologist and physician, Dr. Farmer has worked in this field for decades, using the lens of structural violence to show the connections between vast differences in wealth accumulation and related disparities in health care and outcomes around the world. His work emerges from the intersections of public health and human rights, and he is the Kolokotrones University Professor of Global Health and Social Medicine at Harvard University. Dr. Farmer co-founded Partners in Health, an international organization that aims to improve preventable negative health outcomes in disadvantaged – and disproportionately ill – communities. Why is it at some of the world’s poorest countries are also the sickest? The answer is structural violence. Farmer and Partners in Health began working in Haiti in the mid-1980s, but the organization has since expanded to multiple sites and projects around the world. Projects related to structural violence and health include: The aftermath of the 2010 earthquake in HaitiTuberculosis epidemics in Russian prisonsReconstructing Rwanda’s health care system after the 1994 genocideHIV/AIDS interventions in Haiti and Lesotho Structural Violence in Anthropology Many cultural and medical anthropologists are influenced by the theory of structural violence. Key anthropological texts on structural violence and health are: Pathologies of Power: Health, Human Rights, and the New War on the Poor (Paul Farmer)Death Without Weeping: The Violence of Everyday Life in Brazil (Nancy Scheper-Hughes)Fresh Fruit, Broken Bodies: Migrant Farmworkers in the United States (Seth Holmes)In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio (Philippe Bourgois) Structural violence is particularly prominent in medical anthropology, including the anthropology of global health. It has been used to analyze a variety of topics, including but not limited to substance abuse, migrant health, child mortality, womens health, and infectious disease. Sources Farmer, Paul. Haiti After the Earthquake. Public Affairs, 2011.Kidder, Tracy. Mountains Beyond Mountains: The Quest of Dr. Paul Farmer, a M an Who Would Cure the World. Random House, 2009.Rylko-Bauer, Barbara and Paul Farmer. Structural Violence, Poverty, and Social Suffering. The Oxford Handbook of the Social Science of Poverty. April 2017.Taylor, Janelle. Explaining Difference: Culture, Structural Violence, and Medical Anthropology. Office of Minority Affairs at Diversity, The University of Washington.

Mothers' Health Conscious Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mothers' Health Conscious - Essay Example This essay talks about the survey analyses regarding mothers food decisions for their families. 1,000 American mothers were included in the survey. Many respondents felt that major brands were not able to address their individual needs, which meant that changes in the food and beverage marketing have to be implemented so as to appeal to moms. This article by Ben Meridith was published in a website which advocates healthy living. By using distributions from a survey, it was able to support its claim that more people are awakening to the need for a healthy lifestyle. At the end of the article Meridith said, â€Å"while food corporations are not known for their healthy messages, we can hope that they will approach marketing with a refreshing honesty† which in a sense meant that there is business in providing healthy food. Hence, in total, the article was able to support the website’s advocacy – that a healthy lifestyle is the new trend. While the writer for this article was successful in supporting his claims, one cannot say whether his interpretation of the distribution was correct or not. This is because he stated only the percentage distribution and not the actual frequency distribution of the survey. Moreover, there is no way for this researcher to check on the actual questions posted to the respondents and determine whether or not questions statements might have affected responses. Aside from this, only the averages were reported and there was no way of computing other characteristics of the distribution.

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Case Study Example The inputs are the tourists and passengers as well as the supplies such as the foods. The inputs are the personnel in different departments and the supplies such as the foods and beverages. The resources include the cruise ships, personnel while the output is the different services offered to the customers. This process is summarized in Figure 1 below. The location of CII affects several aspects of the firm. The location of the firm will affect the firm’s future expansion plan and policy, the diversification plan as well as the supply of raw materials. The decision to locate the headquarters at Miami which is one of the cities with the highest number of embankments in the United States brought the services closer to the customers. It is responsible for ensuring that the main propulsion plant and its auxiliaries are operated in a safe, smooth and efficient manner. The Chief engineer is responsible for to overseeing the overall operations of the engine department. The department is tasked with the responsibility of commanding and navigating the cruise ship. The highest officer in the department is called the Captain and is the staff who is ultimately responsible for the smooth navigation of the ship but can delegate the work to other members of staff. Production of high quality and appealing meals to the cruising passengers in the ship as well as the staff is tasked to the catering department. The department also employs waiters beakers, food and beverage managers as well as store keepers. CII is committed to provide high quality services to their customers, be it guests or travel agents. It is done by timely and accurate processing of all travel bookings with the highest respect and courtesy. The other aspects of the mission statement are the relationship with suppliers and the employees of the company. The company acknowledges the importance of the suppliers and distributors as well as their right to make a fair

Richardsons Pamela or Viture Rewarded Essay Example for Free

Richardsons Pamela or Viture Rewarded Essay A book can be moral if it raises moral questions even if it doesnt provide moral answers. That is the view of Marilyn Edelstein, associate professor of English at Santa Clara University. Morality is a widespread term used in literature from the early beginnings. The writer uses the moral perspective to discuss the corruption of the society or even the era in which he lives as a whole, to provide moral lessons and help to replace vice with virtue. There are many writers used to present moral lessons through their literary works. For example, Samuel Richardson is one of the most popular and admired writers of his time. Richardson’s Pamela is considered the best example to reveal about the moral element in literature. So let us shed lights on the moral element through Richardson’s Pamela. Many of the objections to Samuel Richardsons Pamela: or Virtue Rewarded have come about because of its alleged middle-class morality. Samuel Richardson wrote Pamela as an example of the value of moral behavior. Believing in the direct intervention of God, Richardson felt that virtuous actions led to success on earth as well as in heaven. The Novel was praised for its psychological veracity and its moral influence on the readers. Pamela is the symbol of morality in Richardsons Pamela or virtue rewarded. Pamela is a 15 years old servant girl who struggles to keep her virginity. During the past three years, Pamela has been serving the kindly Mrs. B but unfortunately she just died and her son Mr. Squire B takes control of the house hold. He begins to flatter Pamela but she resists all his attempts to seduce her. In letters to her parents Pamela reports her Master’s attempts and vows that she will suffer any injury or social penalty rather than sacrifice her chastity. Her parents encourage this devotion to her virtue and advise her to leave Mr. B. ’s employment and return to home and poverty if ever Mr. B. makes a physical attempt on her. In spite of Mr. B. ’s continued harassment, Pamela does not manage to make the departure that she so frequently threatens. Finally, she resolves to go and, having resisted a final effort of Mr. B. to tempt her with money for her parents and marriage to a clergyman, packs her bags to leave. Unfortunately her attempt to escape Mr. Bs harassments fails because she was kidnapped and taken to Lincolnshire estate. As soon as she reaches the estate she planes to escape. Even though Mr. Bs several attempts to rape Pamela of her virtue, she has never stopped fighting back. Pamela is willing to protect her virginity no matter what. Pamela continues writing letters while in captivity, but as she does not know when she will be able to send them, she dispenses with salutations and signatures, so that they run together into one continuous journal. Pamela finds help in the character of Mr. Williams. Mr. Williams fails to deliver Pamelas letters to her family. Mr. B realizes the true self of Pamela through her letters. He admires her character and virtue which eventually led to his proposal to Pamela. Pamelas virtue is finally rewarded through Mr. Bs honest proposal of marriage. Pamelas virtue affected the young Miss Goodwin who is Mr. Bs daughter from a previous affair. Pamela succeeds in establishing the moral character of Miss Goodwin, who does not repeat her mother’s mistakes. The virtue described in Pamela was of a much broader and more significant scope. Pamelas effort to co-ordinate her human drives and the moral code she had learned represented the real conflict in Pamela. To the extent that her behavior was morally acceptable, she was virtuous. Pamelas ability to do what was right in spite of her own desires was the virtue Richardson intended to reward.